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Divination

Pendulum Dowsing

Also called radiesthesia, ring on a thread, pendule explorateur

Holding a weight on a thread still over a question, a chart or a map and reading its swing as yes, no or a direction.

TraditionEuropean dowsing and radiesthesia
RegionFrance and Britain
Era19th to 20th century
Moon◐ Any moon
DayAny
ElementAir
Difficulty●○○ Simple
Time15 minutes

Tonight's moon is read when the page loads.

The working

  1. Sit with your elbow on the table and let the pendulum hang still between thumb and forefinger.
  2. Ask it to show you YES, and note the swing. Do the same for NO.
  3. Steady it again and ask a plain question that can be answered yes or no.
  4. Keep your hand as still as you can and wait, without trying to move it.
  5. Note the answer, then ask the same question in reverse wording to check it.
  6. Thank it, and wrap the pendulum in a cloth when you finish.

Take care: Never use a pendulum to decide medical, legal or money matters. Keep small pendulums away from young children.

Versions across time and place

i

The ring and the lettered tripod

Late Roman magic · 371 CE

At a treason trial under Emperor Valens, the accused Hilarius and Patricius described a tripod table of laurel wood with a round metal plate engraved with the alphabet. A ring hung on a linen thread swung over the letters to spell out answers, which were read as naming the next emperor. The episode led to executions.

Uses: Ring, Linen thread, Lettered plate

Recorded in: Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 29.1
ii

Ring over the bump

British and American folk custom · 20th century

A wedding ring hung on a thread or hair is held over a pregnant woman's belly or wrist. A circle and a straight swing are read as girl or boy, though which means which varies from family to family.

Recorded in: Widely recorded household custom; see Opie and Tatem, A Dictionary of Superstitions (1989)
iii

Chevreul's experiment

French experimental science · 1833

The chemist Chevreul tested the hand-held pendulum himself and found it moved by tiny, unconscious muscle movements of the holder, which stopped when his arm was supported or his eyes covered. His letter is an early account of what is now called the ideomotor effect, and dowsers and skeptics both still cite it.

Recorded in: Michel Eugène Chevreul, open letter to André-Marie Ampère (1833)

History

Swinging a weight over letters or objects is recorded in late antiquity. Ammianus Marcellinus describes a ring suspended over an alphabet plate at a conspiracy trial in 371 CE. Rural Europe kept smaller forms, such as the wedding ring over a pregnant belly, alongside the forked dowsing rod used to find water and ore. Mining districts in Germany and Cornwall used the rod openly, and Georgius Agricola described it in De re metallica in 1556.

In 1833 Michel Eugène Chevreul published his pendulum experiments as a letter to Ampère, explaining the swing as unconscious movement. Interest grew anyway: French priests such as Abbé Mermet promoted 'radiesthesia' in the early 1900s, and the British Society of Dowsers was founded in 1933. Many users today treat the pendulum as a way of listening to their own hunches.

Sources

  1. Res Gestae, Book 29.1 (English translation) · Ammianus Marcellinus, c. 390 CE
  2. Chevreul's report on the mysterious oscillations of the hand-held pendulum · Herman H. Spitz and Yves Marcuard, 2001
  3. A Dictionary of Superstitions · Iona Opie and Moira Tatem, 1989

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