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Divination

Augury: Reading Birds

Also called ornithomancy, taking the auspices, bird omens

Reading the flight, calls and behavior of birds within a marked area of sky as signs. In ancient Rome, official augurs took the auspices before elections and battles; today it survives as a mindful nature practice.

TraditionRoman state religion
RegionAncient Rome and Italy
Era8th century BC to 4th century AD
Moon◐ Any moon
DayAny
ElementAir
Difficulty●○○ Simple
Time20 to 30 minutes outdoors

Tonight's moon is read when the page loads.

The working

  1. Choose a place with a clear view, and before you look, decide on one question.
  2. Mark your sky the way an augur marked a templum: pick fixed landmarks to define the space you will watch, and decide which side counts as favorable. Roman augurs faced south and read the left, eastern side as lucky; Greek seers faced north and favored the right.
  3. Sit or stand still and watch quietly for 15 to 20 minutes.
  4. Note which birds appear, where they enter and leave your space, how many, whether they call, and how they fly: high, low, circling or straight.
  5. Count the first clear sign as your answer, and treat an empty sky as a sign to wait.
  6. Write down what you saw and what you made of it. Never disturb, feed in excess, or chase birds to get a sign.

Take care: Watch from a respectful distance, stay off private land without permission, and never trap, bait or disturb nesting birds for a sign.

Versions across time and place

i

Romulus and Remus

Roman founding legend · Traditionally 753 BC

Livy tells that the twins settled who would found the city by watching for birds, Remus from the Aventine and Romulus from the Palatine. Remus saw six vultures first, then Romulus saw twelve, and the quarrel over which sign counted ended in Remus's death.

Recorded in: Livy, History of Rome, Book 1, chapter 7
ii

The sacred chickens

Roman military auspices · Republic

When wild birds could not be watched, as on campaign, keepers released sacred chickens and fed them. If they ate greedily so that grain fell from their beaks, the sign was good. The method was easy to manipulate, which Cicero, himself an augur, pointed out.

Recorded in: Augur, Wikipedia; Cicero, On Divination
iii

Greek and Hittite bird oracles

Ancient Greece and Anatolia · c. 14th century BC to classical Greece

Hittite texts record bird oracles from the thirteenth or fourteenth century BC. In Homer's Odyssey an eagle carrying a dove flies to the right, read as Odysseus returning to destroy the suitors. Greek seers read birds on the right, toward sunrise, as favorable.

Recorded in: Ornithomancy, Wikipedia

History

Roman augurs were public priests whose job was to learn whether the gods approved of an action, not to predict the future in detail. An augur marked out a templum, a defined area of sky, with his curved staff, the lituus, and watched for signs in thunder, lightning and especially birds. Their college supervised the practice, and the office opened to plebeians around 300 BC. Words like inauguration and auspicious come from it.

Augury mattered in politics, because a flawed auspice could cancel an election or a law. Cicero, who held the office, wrote On Divination in 44 BC, setting out the arguments for and against it. The practice likely came to Rome from the Etruscans, and bird omens appear among the Hittites and the Greeks. Under the emperors the augurs lost political power, and the old public rites ended as Christianity took over in the fourth century.

Sources

  1. History of Rome, Book 1 · Livy (trans. on Perseus Digital Library)
  2. De Divinatione, Book 1 · Cicero (Loeb text on LacusCurtius), 44 BC
  3. Augur · Wikipedia
  4. Ornithomancy · Wikipedia

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