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Divination

The Ouija Board

Also called talking board, spirit board, witch board

A lettered board and a sliding pointer that two or more people touch lightly while asking questions, so the pointer can spell out answers. Sold as a parlor novelty since 1890, it grew out of American Spiritualism and is best understood today through the ideomotor effect.

TraditionAmerican Spiritualism and parlor games
RegionUnited States
Era1890 to present
Moon◐ Any moon
DayAny
ElementSpirit
Difficulty●○○ Simple
Time20 to 40 minutes

Tonight's moon is read when the page loads.

The working

  1. Only sit if everyone is in good spirits and wants to. Skip it if anyone is grieving hard, anxious, frightened of the idea, or has been drinking.
  2. Set the board on a table or across two people's knees, with the pointer in the middle and a note-taker ready.
  3. Each sitter rests two or three fingertips on the pointer as lightly as possible, without pressing.
  4. Agree on a plain opening, such as greeting whatever answers and asking for a gentle, honest exchange.
  5. Ask one clear question at a time and wait. Let the pointer drift without steering it, and call out each letter so the note-taker can write it down.
  6. Keep questions light and open. Avoid asking about death dates, illness or other people's secrets, since the answers come from the sitters' own minds and can upset people.
  7. When you are done, slide the pointer to GOODBYE together, as players traditionally do, and put the board away.
  8. Afterward, read the notes back and talk over where the words may have come from. That conversation is often the most revealing part.

Take care: Nothing on the board can harm you, but the experience can frighten or upset people, so keep sessions light, stop if anyone becomes distressed, and do not use it with children who are scared or with anyone in crisis. Never use answers as a reason for medical, legal or money decisions.

Versions across time and place

i

Planchette writing

French and American Spiritualism · 1853 to 1870s

Before the lettered board came the planchette, a small heart-shaped platform on wheels with a pencil through it. Sitters rested their hands on it and it wrote messages directly on paper. Planchettes reached the United States in 1858 and became a craze by 1868, when Kirby and Company claimed huge first-season sales.

Uses: Planchette with pencil, Large sheet of paper

Recorded in: Planchette, Wikipedia; Allan Kardec's account of a 10 June 1853 séance
ii

Fuji spirit writing

Chinese religious practice · Song dynasty (from about 1100) onward

In Chinese fuji, one or two people hold a stick or a forked tool over a tray of sand or incense ash, and the characters it traces are read as messages from deities or immortals. It was used in temples and literary circles and remains a living religious practice, not a game, so it belongs to its communities rather than to casual imitation.

Uses: Writing stylus, Tray of sand

Recorded in: Fuji (planchette writing), Wikipedia
iii

The Patience Worth sessions

St. Louis household Ouija use · 1913 to 1937

Pearl Curran of St. Louis began using a Ouija board with a friend in 1913 and said it brought through a spirit called Patience Worth. Over two decades the sessions produced novels and poems that made the board nationally famous. Curran later dropped the board and dictated the words directly.

Recorded in: Ouija by James P. Johnson, American Heritage, 1983

History

Talking boards grew out of American Spiritualism, which began with the Fox sisters' rappings in Hydesville, New York, in 1847. In 1890 a group of Baltimore businessmen, including Charles Kennard and the lawyer Elijah Bond, formed the Kennard Novelty Company to sell a lettered board under the name Ouija. Bond's patent was granted on 10 February 1891. Kennard claimed the name was Egyptian for good luck, while William Fuld, a company foreman who later took over production, said it joined the French oui and the German ja.

Fuld built the board into a national craze, and by 1920 newspapers joked it rivalled chewing gum as an American industry. His family sold the business to Parker Brothers in 1966, and Hasbro has owned the name since 1991. Scientists explain the moving pointer through the ideomotor effect, small unconscious muscle movements described by William Carpenter in 1852 and tested by Michael Faraday on table-turning in 1853. A 2012 study from the University of British Columbia suggested the board can surface things people know without realising they know them.

Sources

  1. Talking Board patent US446054A · Elijah J. Bond, 1891
  2. Ouija · James P. Johnson, American Heritage, 1983
  3. Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions · Hélène Gauchou, Ronald Rensink and Sidney Fels, Consciousness and Cognition, 2012
  4. Ideomotor phenomenon · Wikipedia

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